Programming Microcontrollers: ATMEGA16A

20220503.2

ATMEGA16A

====================

Equipment and Tools:

1 PC

2 Internet access

3 An IDE (IAR Embedded Workbench)

4 USBASP
5 ATMEGA16A

6 PCB with socket
7 A breadboard, connectors, pins etc.

====================

Notes:

1 Knowledge in C language is assumed.
2 Installing the driver for the USBASP may be troublesome.
3 The USBASP may be used with the AVRDUDESS software.

====================

Set up:

Download and install the IDE.
Download and read the USBASP-UG (User Guide), from ProtoStack.

Plug the USBASP to the PC.
Install the driver as described in the guide.
Download, install and test AVRDUDESS.
Insert the ATMEGA16A onto the board.

Connect the board to the USBASP.

Check the circuit using AVRDUDESS to detect the chip.

====================

Programming:

Launch the IAR Embedded Workbench.

Create a New (Empty) Project in the folder. (P16)

In the ‘Options’, select ATmega16 as the processor and ‘Other’ for the Linker Output.

Type in a program, name it as main.c and add it to the project.

Always save the program file.

Make, and check that an output file P16.a19 has been produced.

Flash the file into the ATMEGA16 through the AVRDUDESS.

See(Verify) that the ATMEGA16 runs according to the program.

====================
Starting examples:
AT00a To test program compilation and downloading.
AT00b To keep the microcontroller within user control.
AT01LEDa To turn on the LED connected to PortA bit 0.

AT01LEDb To turn off the LED connected to PortA bit 0.

AT01LEDt To toggle the LED connected to PortA bit 0.

// AT00a

int main( void )

{

return 0;

}

// AT00b

int main( void )

{

while(1);

}

// AT01LEDa Set Port A bit 0

#include <iom16.h>

int main( void )

{

PORTA |= 0x01 ; // set Bit 0

DDRA |= 0x01 ; // Bit 0 Output

while(1);

}

// AT01LEDb Clear Port A bit 0

#include <iom16.h>

int main( void )

{

PORTA &= ~0x01 ; // clear Bit 0

DDRA |= 0x01 ; // Bit 0 Output

while(1);

}

// AT01LEDt Toggle Port A bit 0

#include <iom16.h>

int main( void )

{

int i;

PORTA &= ~0x01 ; // clear Bit 0

DDRA |= 0x01 ; // Bit 0 Output

while(1){

for(i=0;i<=30000;i++){;} // Do not exceed 32767

PORTA |= 0x01 ; // set Bit 0

for(i=0;i<=30000;i++){;}

PORTA &= ~0x01 ; // clear Bit 0

}

20220503.2

T21 Timer 2.
T22 Timer 2 Interrupt.

====================
Fuses:

Reference: AVR Tutorial: http://www.ladyada.net/learn/avr/avrdude.html

AVR Fuse Calculator: http://www.engbedded.com/fusecalc/

Change the clock to 8 MHz by AVRDUDE –c usbasp –p m16 –U lfuse:w:0xe4:m

After the clock change, T15 would blink very fast, T21 does not seem to work.

====================
Further notes on the programming examples:

T16 To blink the LED at 8 MHz.
T23 Timer 2 Interrupt at 8 MHz.
T30 LCD 1602 8-pin operation

ATMEGA16 LCD 1602

all 8 Port D bits all 8 Data bits

Port A bit 1 RS

Port A bit 0 E

W/R connect to Ground

Vo connect to Ground through a 1-k resistor

T31 LCD 1602.

ATMEGA16 LCD 1602

Port D bits 7,6,5,4 Data bits 7,6,5,4

Port A bit 1 RS

Port A bit 0 E

W/R connect to Ground

Vo connect to Ground through a 1-k resistor

====================

Programming examples:
==========
// T10.c

int main(){

return 0;
}

==========
// T11.c

int main(){

while(1);
}
==========
// T12.c
#include <iom16.h>

int main(){

PORTA = 0x01 ;        // Bit 0 set (Off)
DDRA = 0x01 ;        // Bit 0 Output

while(1);
}
==========
// T13.c
#include <iom16.h>

int main(){

PORTA = 0x00 ;        // Bit 0 clear (ON)
DDRA = 0x01 ;        // Bit 0 Output

while(1);
}
==========
// T14.c
#include <iom16.h>

int main(){

PORTA &= ~(1<<0) ;    // Bit 0 clear (ON)
DDRA |= 1<<0 ;       // Bit 0 Output

while(1);
}
==========
// T15.c
#include <iom16.h>

int main(){
int i ;

PORTA &= ~(1<<0) ;    // Bit 0 clear (ON)
DDRA |= 1<<0 ;       // Bit 0 Output

while(1){
    PORTA |= 1<<0 ;             // Bit 0 set (Off)
    for(i=0;i<=30000;i++){ ; } // Software delay
    PORTA &= ~(1<<0) ;          // Bit 0 clear (ON)
    for(i=0;i<=30000;i++){ ; } // Software delay
}

// while(1);
}
==========
// T16.c      8 MHz
#include <iom16.h>

int main(){
int i,j ;

PORTA &= ~(1<<0) ;    // Bit 0 clear (ON)
DDRA |= 1<<0 ;       // Bit 0 Output

while(1){
    PORTA |= 1<<0 ;             // Bit 0 set (Off)
    for(i=0;i<=200;i++){for(j=0;j<=1000;j++);} // Software delay
    PORTA &= ~(1<<0) ;          // Bit 0 clear (ON)
    for(i=0;i<=200;i++){for(j=0;j<=1000;j++);} // Software delay
}

// while(1);
}
==========
// T21.c
#include <iom16.h>

int main(){

PORTA &= ~(1<<0) ;    // Bit 0 clear (ON)
DDRA |= 1<<0 ;       // Bit 0 Output

TCCR0 = 0x05 ;        // T0 ON, clk/1024

while(1){
    if( TCNT0>=0x20 )   PORTA &= ~(1<<0) ;    // Bit 0 clear (ON)
                else    PORTA |= 1<<0 ;       // Bit 0 set (Off)
}

// while(1);
}
==========
// T22.c
#include <iom16.h>
#include <intrinsics.h>

int i;

int main(){

PORTA &= ~(1<<0) ;    // Bit 0 clear (ON)
DDRA |= 1<<0 ;       // Bit 0 Output

__disable_interrupt();
TCCR0 = 0x05 ;        // T0 ON, clk/1024
TIMSK |= 0x01 ;       // 0x01 is TOIE0
__enable_interrupt();

i = 0 ;

while(1);     // Wait for interrupts
}

// Interrupt handler for TCNT0 Overflow
#pragma vector=TIMER0_OVF_vect
__interrupt void TOV0_Handler(void)
{
i++ ;
if(i<=5) PORTA &= ~(1<<0) ;    // Bit 0 clear (ON)
     else PORTA |= 1<<0 ;       // Bit 0 set (Off)
if(i==7) i = 0 ;
}
==========
// T23.c      8 MHz
#include <iom16.h>
#include <intrinsics.h>

int i;

int main(){

PORTA &= ~(1<<0) ;    // Bit 0 clear (ON)
DDRA |= 1<<0 ;       // Bit 0 Output

__disable_interrupt();
TCCR0 = 0x05 ;        // T0 ON, clk/1024
TIMSK |= 0x01 ;       // 0x01 is TOIE0
__enable_interrupt();

i = 0 ;

while(1);     // Wait for interrupts
}

// Interrupt handler for TCNT0 Overflow
#pragma vector=TIMER0_OVF_vect
__interrupt void TOV0_Handler(void)
{
i++ ;
if(i<=50) PORTA &= ~(1<<0) ;    // Bit 0 clear (ON)
      else PORTA |= 1<<0 ;       // Bit 0 set (Off)
if(i==70) i = 0 ;
}
==========
// T30.c      LCD 1602    8-pin(8-bit) mode
#include <iom16.h>
#include <intrinsics.h>
void LCD_E(int K);

int main(){
int i ;

PORTA &= ~(1<<0) ;    // Bit 0 clear    E = 0
DDRA |= 1<<0 ;       // Bit 0 Output
PORTA &= ~(1<<1) ;    // Bit 1 clear    RS = 0
DDRA |= 1<<1 ;       // Bit 1 Output
PORTD = 0x00 ;
DDRD |= 0xFF ;        // 7,6,5,4,3,2,1,0 Output

PORTA &= ~(1<<1) ;    // Bit 1 clear    RS = 0

LCD_E(0x30);    // 3 times 0x30
LCD_E(0x30);    // to ensure LCD is
LCD_E(0x30);    // into 8-pin mode
LCD_E(0x38);

LCD_E(0x0F);
LCD_E(0x06);
LCD_E(0x01);
for(i=0;i<=30000;i++);     // Give time for clear screen

LCD_E(0x80);

PORTA |= (1<<1) ;    // Bit 1 set    RS = 1
LCD_E('H');
LCD_E('a');
LCD_E('p');
LCD_E('p');
LCD_E('y');
LCD_E(' ');
LCD_E('B');
LCD_E('i');
LCD_E('r');
LCD_E('t');
LCD_E('h');
LCD_E('d');
LCD_E('a');
LCD_E('y');

PORTA &= ~(1<<1) ;    // Bit 1 clear    RS = 0
LCD_E(0xC0);

PORTA |= (1<<1) ;    // Bit 1 set    RS = 1
LCD_E('Y');
LCD_E('o');
LCD_E('n');
LCD_E('g');
LCD_E(' ');
LCD_E('Y');
LCD_E('o');
LCD_E('k');
LCD_E('e');
LCD_E(' ');
LCD_E('K');
LCD_E('e');
LCD_E('o');
LCD_E('w');
LCD_E(' ');

PORTA &= ~(1<<1) ;    // Bit 1 clear    RS = 0
LCD_E(0xD3);          // Move out cursor

while(1);     // Wait for interrupts
}
void LCD_E(int K){
int i ;
    PORTD = K ;
    for(i=0;i<=1000;i++){ ; }
    PORTA |= (1<<0) ;    // Bit 0 set      E = 1
    for(i=0;i<=1000;i++){ ; }
    PORTA &= ~(1<<0) ;    // Bit 0 clear    E = 0
    for(i=0;i<=1000;i++){ ; }
}
==========
// T31.c
#include <iom16.h>
#include <intrinsics.h>
void LCD_E(int K);

int main(){
unsigned int i ;

PORTA &= ~(1<<0) ;    // Bit 0 clear    E = 0
DDRA |= 1<<0 ;       // Bit 0 Output
PORTA &= ~(1<<1) ;    // Bit 1 clear    RS = 0
DDRA |= 1<<1 ;       // Bit 1 Output
PORTD = 0x00 ;
DDRD |= 0xF0 ;        // 7,6,5,4 Output

PORTD = 0x30 ;
LCD_E(1000);
PORTD = 0x30 ;
LCD_E(1000);
PORTD = 0x30 ;
LCD_E(1000);
PORTD = 0x30 ;
LCD_E(1000);
PORTD = 0x30 ;
LCD_E(1000);
PORTD = 0x20 ;
LCD_E(1000);
PORTD = 0x20 ;
LCD_E(1000);
PORTD = 0x80 ;
LCD_E(1000);

PORTD = 0x00 ;
LCD_E(1000);
PORTD = 0xF0 ;
LCD_E(1000);
PORTD = 0x00 ;
LCD_E(1000);
PORTD = 0x60 ;
LCD_E(1000);
PORTD = 0x00 ;
LCD_E(1000);
PORTD = 0x10 ;
LCD_E(1000);
for(i=0;i<=50000;i++);     // Give time for clear screen

PORTD = 0x80 ;
LCD_E(1000);
PORTD = 0x90 ;
LCD_E(1000);

PORTA |= (1<<1) ;    // Bit 1 set    RS = 1
PORTD = 0x51 ;
LCD_E(1000);
PORTD = 0x31 ;
LCD_E(1000);

while(1);     // Wait for interrupts
}
void LCD_E(int K){
int i ;
    for(i=0;i<=K;i++){ ; }
    PORTA |= (1<<0) ;    // Bit 0 set      E = 1
    for(i=0;i<=K;i++){ ; }
    PORTA &= ~(1<<0) ;    // Bit 0 clear    E = 0
    for(i=0;i<=K;i++){ ; }
}
==========

Continued at ATmega16KCS: ATmega16KCS (esp32kcs.blogspot.com)

Programming Microcontrollers

Friday 14 July 2017

ATMEGA16A

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